[1] Before Ukraine became an independent state in 1991, and prior to 1989, sociology and empirical sociological research in Ukraine developed more generally within the context of social sciences in the Soviet Union. At the end of the 1930s sociology was declared a pseudo-science and was banned in the Soviet Union. No fundamental or applied research took place in the field of sociology until the start of a revival at the end of the 1950s and during the early part of the 1960s. This was the period of de-Stalinization when dogmatism in the field of social sciences was reduced to some extent.
[2] In Ukraine “local” empirical sociological research started (at the enterprises in Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhya, Odessa and Mykolaiv). Studies focused mainly on workers’ motivation in enterprises, the professional orientations of teenagers, problems of leisure time, problems in the family, problems of youth and the development of personality. It was not possible to study theoretical sociology – only "applied sociological research" was possible. In addition, interpretation and analysis of collated empirical information were conducted strictly within the framework of historical materialism. The study of many of society’s problems was simply forbidden. Public opinion was not monitored. Despite the fact that elections in the Soviet Union were held regularly, it was not considered necessary to study the electoral behavior of the population. Because of severe censorship, it was very difficult to publish the results of those studies that were completed. Contacts with foreign colleagues were simply not possible for the majority of Soviet social scientists.
[3] The Soviet Sociological Association was established in 1958. This public organization united scientific groups and experts involved in scientific and pedagogical work in the field of sociology. Association members published articles on sociology in such journals as Problems of Philosophy, Problems of the World and Socialism, and Philosophical Sciences. In 1974 the professional journal Sociological Research was established in Moscow.
[4] In 1968 a Ukrainian branch of the Soviet Sociological Association was established. In 1961 a laboratory for specific sociological research was created at Kiev University. This laboratory developed methodical techniques and also conducted empirical research. In 1969 the Department of Sociology was established at the Institute of Philosophy of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Faculties connected to sociology were also operating in some Ukrainian universities (for example in Kiev and Kharkiv).
[5] When the period of "perestroika" began in the Soviet Union, social science research became more intense and active. All-Union surveys were conducted. In the design of these all-Union surveys Ukraine was normally studied as one of the major regions of the Soviet Union. As such, the sample and the resulting information collected in Ukraine were not representative of the Republic of Ukraine as a whole. The first sample that was representative of the population of Ukraine as a whole was only taken in 1984, but was not used until 1990. The Department of Sociology of the Institute of Philosophy of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences also conducted a number of surveys (distinct from All-Union surveys) focusing, in particular, on living conditions and labor force migration in Kiev. Information from some of these surveys was stored in the All-Union Data Bank established in Moscow in 1987 (see N. Rostegaeva). At the end of the 1980s the journal Philosophical and Sociological Thought (Filosofs'ka ta Sociolohichna Dumka ) was established.
[6] On the whole, it is reasonable to say that prior to 1989 empirical sociological research in Ukraine was rather poorly developed. The number of research centers was small. There were no independent centers, i.e. research centers with financial resources separate from the state budget. The number of research projects was small. It was neither possible to freely select the topics of study, nor freely publish the results. Both censorship and ideological limitations presented obstacles to scientific work.
[7] In 1990 the Institute of Sociology was established, and the Ukrainian branch of the Soviet Sociological Association was transformed into the Sociological Association of Ukraine. A Faculty of Sociology was established at Kharkiv University in 1990. A Faculty of Sociology and Psychology was established at Kiev University in spring 1991. In 1992 a Department of Sociology was opened at the re-established University of "Kiev-Mohyla Academy". Faculties of sociology are now operating at both state universities (in Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv, Odessa, Lugansk and Volyn) and private universities in Ukraine.
[8] During the Soviet era universities were primarily engaged in teaching, while the institutes associated with the Academy of SciencesAcademy of Sciences were responsible for research. As a rule, every Faculty of Sociology within the major universities in Ukraine now has a social science laboratory, which conducts research at the university and provides sociological practice for the students. However, the separation of responsibilities now generally continues in Ukraine. Universities are first and foremost involved in teaching students, while the institutes of the Academy of Sciences and new independent research organizations are primarily responsible for the majority of the research. Special scientific councils for the defense of dissertations (candidate of science degree and full doctoral degree) in the field of sociology operate at National Taras Shevchenko University of KievNational Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev, in the Institute of SociologyInstitute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and at Kharkiv University. Since 1998 the academic journal Sociology Theory, Methods, Marketing has been published in Kiev.
[9] During the 1990s the amount of empirical sociological research increased dramatically. The number of research centers also grew. Private (not state-supported, but separately financed) research organizations appeared, which employ different sources of finance – money from political parties and organizations, grants from foundations and international organizations, and money from business enterprises (for marketing research).
[10] Excellent service depends on experience and high-quality professional staff. A number of firms specialize in field work (that part of research related to data collection) required for empirical research – sociological, political, economical, marketing, and epidemiological. These firms conduct dozens of research projects every year. In many cases these firms neither participate in the development of methodology or research instruments, nor analyze data. They collect the data, generate the necessary computer files and transmit the data to customers along with a technical report and additional information. Academic institutes, independent research centers (very often with NGO status), political parties, commercial business firms, international organizations and grant agency funds act as the customer in these cases. The customer independently analyzes the data and publishes the results. International organizations quite often call for tenders for research and polling firms compete for these funds. Additionally, polling firms conduct research with their own money or negotiate with the customer the right to analyze and use the collected data. This also enables the company to become involved in analytical work and publish the results of research in newspapers or scientific journals, or to present results on television. Polling firms also regularly conduct omnibus surveys, where clients may buy the answers to one or more questions comprising part of a larger survey.
[11] It must be said that public opinion surveys are now rather an ordinary phenomenon in Ukraine. At the beginning of the 1990s many respondents treated the interviewer with suspicion and were afraid to answer questions about their attitudes toward political events. Information on the results of public opinion polls can now be found in any newspaper, on many TV programs and in radio programs. Ukrainian respondents now speak quite openly about politics, but like people in many other countries they are reluctant to talk about their income (this may also be partly due to the large "shadow economy" in the country).
[12] Electoral surveys form an important element of this empirical research. A number of research organizations permanently publish the ratings of political parties and politicians. For this purpose they conduct public surveys (as a rule, telephone-based) and/or expert surveys. Ukraine has more than 120 registered political parties (33 political parties and coalitions participated in the 2002 parliamentary elections). The level of competition during election campaigns is high (half of the Ukrainian Parliament is elected based on lists of political parties and coalitions).
[13] Political parties are interested in people's opinion about different problems, for example domestic and international policy, economic reforms and questions of ideology. Political parties therefore commission quantitative surveys (mass polls) and qualitative studies (focus groups and expert interviews). In the period directly preceding elections, the mass media publish the results of surveys conducted by unknown polling firms and agencies. The information in these publications is often presented in such a way that it is impossible to carry out a professional assessment of the quality of the data and the validity of the conclusions. The Sociological Association of Ukraine has offered to organize a voluntary accreditation of polling firms within the Association (with the purpose of certifying the professionalism of an organization). A number of polling firms, which work permanently and not just during election campaigns, have already been accredited. Nevertheless, a rather intense discussion is currently taking place concerning the trust in political ratings and the influence of sociological research publications on the election results (according to Ukrainian legislation, it is prohibited to publish political ratings during the 2 weeks immediately preceding elections).
[14] The first exit poll was conducted by SOCIS Center for Social and Political Investigations, Kiev during the parliamentary elections in 1998. An exit poll was then conducted during the first and second rounds of voting in the presidential elections in 1999 (Kiev International Institute of Sociology, SOCIS Center for Social and Political Investigations, Kiev, Social Monitoring Center).
[15] In April 2001 the President of Ukraine issued a decree entitled "The development of sociological science in Ukraine". This decree affirmed the need to develop sociological education, sociological research and international cooperation, and to create a sociological data bank. The All-Ukrainian Sociological Service has recently been established in accordance with this decree. This organization was created as an independent research body in which the state holds less than 50% of the shares.
[16] In Ukraine the largest academic institute in the field of sociology is the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine. During the 10 years of its existence the Institute of Sociology has conducted regular research devoted to the study of the structure of Ukrainian society, social aspects of economic reform, the socio-psychological state of Ukrainian society, the social well-being of the population, socio-cultural and societal processes, functions of the mass media, public opinion and the social consequences of Chernobyl's disaster. This set of empirical research of the Institute includes the monitoring survey Ukrainian Society on the Eve of the 21st Century (the field work was carried out by SOCIS). This data collection includes eight all-Ukrainian surveys (sample of 1800 respondents), which were conducted at intervals of approximately one year between 1994 and 2001. The objectives of the project are to study processes of transformation in Ukrainian society and monitor the state of society and its economic, political and national cultural characteristics reflected in public opinion. The results (tables and comments) of this monitoring are available to the public (also in English). The data are not only actively used by employees of the Institute of Sociology, but also by scientists, post-graduate students and undergraduate students from other institutes and universities in Ukraine. This collection constitutes a important part of the data archive of the Institute of Sociology. A special research group within the Institute is working on the establishment of the Ukrainian sociological archive and data bank in cooperation with universities and other research organizations in Kiev.
[17] The Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) was founded in 1991 as the research center of the Sociological Association of Ukraine. In 1992 it was transformed into a private joint venture and began to cooperate closely with the University of Kiev-Mohyla Academy. KIIS's partner in the U.S.A. was Paragon Research International. KIIS is accredited with the Sociological Association of Ukraine. Collaboration with Western specialists has helped to introduce new research methods and to disseminate these methods throughout Ukraine. One notable benefit that accrued to KIIS from international cooperation was the development of sampling in consultation with and Steven Heeringa, Director of the sampling unit at the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center. The sample is random at every stage, with probability proportionate to the size calculated at the first stage. Having adopted such methods, and given its private status, KIIS has been able to conduct regular surveys even during times when no government support was available for social surveys. The current situation in Ukraine is characterized by almost a complete absence of government support for the implementation of social surveys. Most surveys are conducted using funds from international grants or from commercial projects. The Institute's survey network allows it to conduct random sample surveys which are representative of Ukraine both as a whole and in its separate regions.
[18] The main topics of scientific research are:
[19] KIIS has conducted research on important problems relating to current Ukrainian social policy, e.g.:
[20]
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) regularly conducts public opinion polls and market research.
Selected surveys conducted by KISS are described in the appendix.
[21] SOCIS Center for Social and Political Investigations, Kiev was created by a group of specialists from the Ukrainian Division of the All-Soviet Center for Research on Public Opinion. In 1997 SOCIS All-Soviet Center for Research on Public Opinion was granted full membership of the GALLUP International. SOCIS is now one of the largest and best-known polling firms in Ukraine. SOCIS is accredited with the Ukrainian Sociological Association of Ukraine.
[22] Relations within the field of state statistics are regulated by the "Law On State Statistics". There is a State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine and also organs of state statistics in the Republic of Crimea, as well as in regions and cities. Only one census has been conducted in Ukraine (December 2001) since independence. The first results of this census will be ready in April 2002. The State Committee of Statistics has its own website containing some statistical information on the Ukrainian economy and social and demographic data. Every year it publishes a statistical yearbook and brochures containing different statistical information.
[23] The main social science research institutions have established a tradition of cooperation. Here are some examples of this cooperation: The SOCIS Center for Social and Political Investigations, Kiev supports the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine by providing field work for its research; specialists from Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) conducted the training courses in interviewing techniques as well as the use of SPSS for the State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine; private institutions continue cooperation in conducting exit polls. This tradition of cooperation provides a platform for developing the National Social Archive as a network of institutions’ archives.
[24] Over the last 10 years the active polling firms, academic structures, universities, centers of public opinion study and analytical firms have accumulated empirical data from hundreds of research projects. Many of these surveys are public and the data can be put into the public domain. However, the data must be properly prepared (structurally and with adequate descriptions) before they can be transmitted to somebody else for secondary analysis. This takes time and effort. Furthermore, the process of transfer and even dialogue concerning transfer involve effort and time. Data from most sociological research remain stored without suitable descriptions in the personal computers of the scientists or in the local computer networks of companies. It means that practically no one uses the data outside the company. Sometimes it is possible to obtain data using personal contacts with heads of firms (when the data are public). In many cases the agencies which provided the grants for research demand that the organization which conducted research not only publish their results, but also make the data available to other scientists. In such cases the organization normally sends out letters offering the data. On the whole, however, such dissemination is not systematic.
[25] Nevertheless, some data are distributed and used for secondary analysis. The intensity of data utilization for secondary analysis depends on the individual activity of the authors of research. Undergraduate and post-graduate students often use the data for secondary analysis. For example, students from National Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev and the University of Kiev-Mohyla Academy use data from surveys, which were conducted by the Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), the Institute of Sociology and SOCIS Center for Social and Political Investigations, Kiev, in their studies in courses on methodology and data analysis.
[26] Polling firms and research organizations publish the results and findings of surveys in the form of books or reports and also put tables in the Internet. In 1998 the Institute of Sociology, the Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Center for the Study of Democracy at Queen's University (Canada) prepared and placed in the Internet a bilingual (Ukrainian and English) archive of Ukrainian public opinion polls. This archive contains the frequency tables of thirteen surveys conducted by the Institute of Sociology and the Democratic Initiatives Foundation between 1993 and 1997. All questions are classified according to special three-level qualifiers. Access to this archive is free and available to the ordinary Internetbrowser.
[27] However, the data from most market research and pre-election research (conducted on the orders of political parties or coalitions) are not normally available for wide-scale use.
[28] Thus, in Ukraine there are currently no regularly functioning, publicly accessible archives (data banks) of sociological data. However, data are distributed (but by no means systematically) and some scientists actively use this data for secondary analysis. Some professors use this data to teach students. No systematic study of data citations in the publications has been conducted.
[29] The institutes of the National Academy of Sciences and state universities are financed through a state budget. However, this funding often only covers salaries (which are sometimes delayed), but not research. Different projects have different sources of finance. The main sources of finance are:
[30] Critical problems arise particularly with the financing of long-time projects. The monitoring survey of the Institute of Sociology was partly financed by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation and SOCIS Center for Social and Political Investigations, Kiev. Due to the lack of stable financing, it is impossible to schedule work for any long periods or start long-term projects.
[31] The need to create a sociological data archive has been discussed by experts in Ukraine for several years. Two years ago a small research group was set up in the Institute of Sociology. The aims of this group were to develop the structure and basis for the organization of the archive, and make preparations for archiving data from the Institute's surveys. In 2001 representatives from the Institute of Sociology, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev, the Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), SOCIS Center for Social and Political Investigations, Kiev and the University Kiev-Mohyla Academy concluded a semi-formal agreement on the creation of the social data archive. According to this agreement, the archive will be created as an open consortium which will be administered by a council of experts from founding organizations and will have representatives in each of the founding organizations. Until the organizational base for the central office of the archive is created, each founding organization will conduct independent searches for funding and will independently prepare the premises for archiving their own data collections. The potential founders have agreed that it is necessary to coordinate their work, exchange results, develop a uniform technical basis, facilitate the exchange of data collections and consolidate their data collections.
[32] There now follows a list of problems that need to be solved in order to create a permanently operating and publicly accessible social science data archive in Ukraine.
[33] Scientific and technical problems: First of all, an archiving structure must be adopted along with the data storage and search methods. Implementation of these goals requires the appropriate software. A uniform technical basis for archiving is especially important if the archive is being developed not just in one center, but in several organizations in parallel and separately. A logical and physical structure for the archive, as well as a prototype storage and search program have already developed by experts from National Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev and the Institute of Sociology, and have been presented for usage to the potential founders of a consortium.
[34] Organizational problems: It is necessary to define the status of the archive, the purpose of its existence and the form of work (distribution of data, publishing, consultation on methodical problems), and register the archive officially. Only then will contributors enter data in the archive. It is certain that the archive would disappear after the enthusiasm of its creators is exhausted. A central office, a certain minimum amount of equipment, a minimum number of staff and the possibility of involving volunteers (e.g. students) are necessary for the constant operation of the archive. It is also necessary to create the document complex which would define relations between the donors of the information, the archive and its users. The problems of copyright protection, confidentiality of the information and correctness of data citations are also important. All these problems were expressly considered in the publications in a rubric "Sociological archive" of the journal Sociology - Theory, Methods, Marketing 1 (Note1: Golovakha, E. (2000): “Conceptual and Organizational Method Grounds for Ukrainian Sociological Archives and Data Bank on Social Research”, in: Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, 1, 140-151; Gorbachyk, A. (2000): “Social Data Archives: Purposes and Problems of Formation, Methods of Use”, in: Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, 1, 130-144.). It is planned to present the first version of the archive at the 2002 fall meeting of the Ukrainian Sociological Association of Ukraine.
[35] Financial problems: A very stable source of finance is necessary for the work of the archive. Every founder now finances its own work independently and is searching on its own for additional sources of finance to ensure continuation of the work. The archive is planned as a non-profit-making organization. A minimum amount of money will probably be received from the budget of the Ministry of Education and Science (through the budget of some of the universities) or from the budget of the Academy of Science. The archive will always have to search for grants (as additional support) to extend its prospects and update its technical base.
[36] Attempts are therefore being made to study and adapt to the DDI DTD (Data Documentation Initiative Data Type Documentation) data description standard.
[37] Established organizations within Ukraine understand that there is a need to create a data archive and are keen to do so. Work on the creation of the data archive has already started and some results have been obtained. The information about this work has been published in the professional journal Sociology - Theory, Methods, Marketing. The Ukrainian Sociological Association of Ukraine is also informed and involved in this work. The prospects for the creation of the archive are good. The extent of the results will depend on organizational factors and the existence of financing.
| Study title: | Personality under Conditions of Radical Social Changes – Panel Study 1992/1993 and 1994 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
December 1992-January 1993 July-August, 1994 |
| Topics: |
Analysis of the relationship between social structure and personality under conditions of radical social changes. |
| Sample: |
Stratified multi-stage random sample. The sample is designed to be representative of adults aged 18+ living in private accommodation in Ukraine. The sample method involved a multistage design: first the districts were selected, and a number of post offices, streets, buildings and apartments were then selected in each district. Finally, the respondent was chosen at the selected dwelling unit. |
| Sample size: |
1992/1993: 2322 respondents 1994: 900 respondents |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset; Publications |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
| Study title: | Incomes and Expenditures of Households in Ukraine – Panel study 1995 and 1996 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
June-July, 1995 July-August, 1996. |
| Topics: |
Level of well-being of households: sources and amount of incomes, poverty level, characteristics of the most vulnerable groups of the population; main strategies of surviving (including employment ). |
| Sample: |
Representative sample of Ukrainian population (including the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea). Random sampling based on households. |
| Sample size: |
1995:: 2024 households : : 4567 individuals 1996:: 2322 households : : 5403 individuals |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset; Report, abstract on the results in Ukrainian and English |
| Commissioner: |
World Bank |
| Access: |
| Study title: | Ukrainian Health Survey 1996 and 1999 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
September-October, 1996 May, 1999 |
| Topics: |
Health of women, spread of abortions, using contraceptives. |
| Sample: |
Representative sample of Ukrainian women of reproductive age (15-49 years) |
| Sample size: |
1996:: 4009 respondents 1999:: 9000 respondents |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset Frequencies, cross tables; Report |
| Commissioner: |
Ukrainian Ministry of Health United Nations (UN) (1996) USAID, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta (1999) |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
| Study title: | Social Assessment of the Restructuring of Coal Mining in Ukraine: Mitigation of Adverse Social Impacts 1997-2002 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
October-November, 1997 November-December, 1999 2001-2002 |
| Topics: |
Minors’ awareness of mitigation measures in the context of the restructuring program and alternative employment opportunities; assessment of the progress achieved by social mitigation measures and their impact on mines having been transferred to UDKR for closing; consequences produced by mine closings for miner settlements’ living conditions; patterns of coping behaviour and their effectiveness for adjustment; proposals regarding improvements of the transfer policies and program. |
| Sample: |
Regional sample, representative for each group of mines 2 (Note2: According to Resolution No. 280 of the Cabinet of Ministers, March 28, 1997.) according to the proportion of the number of employed miners by January 1, 1996: group 1:: group 2:: mines, which have already passed the initial stage of closing (ongoing closing activities); group 3:: pilot mines:: mines, which are part of an experimental project. |
| Sample size: |
1400 respondents |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview, in-depth interview and group discussion |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset; Report in Russian and English; Frequencies, cross-tables |
| Commissioner: |
World Bank |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
| Study title: | Biodiversity Conservation in the Azov-Black Sea Environmental Corridor 1998 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
April, 1998 |
| Topics: |
Protection of biodiversity and assistance for a sustainable development of the coastal and continental regions of the Black and Azov Sea. |
| Sample: |
Regional population sample, representative for the Skadovsk district and the Black sea biosphere reserve. |
| Sample size: |
600 respondents |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview, in-depth interview and group discussion |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset; Report in Russian and English; Frequencies, cross-tables |
| Commissioner: |
World Bank |
| Access: |
World Bank |
| Study title: | Energy Efficiency: The Urban Heating System in Sevastopol 1998 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
February-March, 1998 |
| Sample: |
Regional sample, representative for the adult population of Sevastopol (15 years and more). |
| Sample size: |
393 respondents |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset Report in Ukrainian and English |
| Commissioner: |
World Bank |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
| Study title: | Heating system in Public Institutions in Kiev 1998 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
February-March, 1998 |
| Topics: |
Heating system in schools, kindergartens, hospitals, polyclinics, higher educational institutions, museums, theatres in Kiev. |
| Sample: |
Regional sample: controlled sample of institutions, in which systems of temperature control were installed by the State Committee (correspondingly to the World Bank project in 1998). Additionally. a sample was drawn on the proportion of the inhabitants of each rayon of Kiev. |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset Report in Ukrainian and English |
| Commissioner: |
World Bank |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
| Study title: | Changes of Housing Attitudes – Panel Study 1997 and 1998 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
March, 1997 (pre-investment survey) December, 1998 (post-investment survey) |
| Topics: |
Needs, perceptions and attitudes of residents related to energy and water consumption as well as efficiency of investments in this field; current state of housing maintenance; change of attitudes of residents towards the energy and water consumption after providing new equipment as well as energy and water services. |
| Sample: |
Controlled sampling of 4 apartment buildings in Dnepropetrovsk |
| Sample size: |
1997:: 450 respondents 1998:: 406 respondents were surveyed in |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset Report (in Ukrainian and English) Frequencies, cross-tables |
| Commissioner: |
World Bank |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
| Study title: | Business in Ukraine 1999 and 2001 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
April 1999 April-May, 2001 |
| Topics: |
To provide the State Committee for Development of Entrepreneurship with statistical data on Ukrainian small and medium sized enterprises. |
| Sample: |
Representative sample of small and medium sized enterprises |
| Sample size: |
10000 respondents |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset Report (in Ukrainian and English) |
| Commissioner: |
USAID |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
| Study title: | Bribes in the Health System 1998 |
|---|---|
| Fieldwork dates: |
December, 1998 |
| Topics: |
Spread of bribes in the Health System of Ukraine, size of payments, influence of bribes on the availability of medical services and on the quality of the medical services, reasons for payments. |
| Sample: |
Regional sample of residents of the Donetsk oblast (Kramatorsk and Snezhnoe) |
| Sample size: |
200 respondents |
| Fieldwork methods: |
Face-to-face interview, in-depth interview and focus group discussion, diaries |
| Available results: |
SPSS dataset; Report (in Ukrainian and English) |
| Commissioner: |
World Bank |
| Access: |
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) |
26 April 2002
